Quackonomics: The Trading Behavior of Bread Among Urban Mallards

Dr. Beatrice Quackers, PhD; Dr. Drake Billingsworth, PhD; Prof. Mallory Webfoot, DSc

Status: Published

Abstract: This study explores the complex economic behaviors observed in urban mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with a focus on the trading and distribution of bread. Through detailed observations and controlled feeding experiments, we aimed to uncover the principles governing this avian economy. Our findings reveal that mallards engage in sophisticated trading practices, with bread acting as a form of currency. This paper delves into the quackonomics of bread trading, highlighting the social and economic implications for mallard communities.

Note: The full paper is available for download for subscribers only.

Download PDF

Introduction

Urban mallards have adapted remarkably well to human environments,
often relying on humans for food. Among the various food items
provided by humans, bread is a common but controversial choice.
While its nutritional value is debated, its role in mallard social
interactions is less understood. This study investigates how bread
functions as a currency in mallard communities, influencing social
dynamics and individual behaviors.

Methods

Observational Study

We conducted our study in Central Duck Park, where mallards are
regularly fed by park-goers. Over a period of two months, we
observed 30 feeding sessions, focusing on the interactions between
ducks during bread distribution.

Controlled Feeding Experiments

To further understand the trading behavior, we set up controlled
feeding experiments. Ducks were provided with bread pieces of
varying sizes and observed to see how these were traded or hoarded
within the group.

Results

Our observations revealed several key findings:

Bread as Currency:
Ducks frequently traded bread pieces, with larger pieces holding
more value.
Social Hierarchy: Dominant ducks often
monopolized the bread supply, using it to assert their status and
control over subordinates.
Negotiation Tactics: Ducks employed various
tactics, such as quacking and posturing, to negotiate bread
trades.

Discussion

The results suggest that bread functions as a form of currency in
mallard communities, with significant social and economic
implications. Dominant ducks use bread to maintain their status,
while subordinates engage in strategic trading to improve their
standing. This behavior mirrors human economic systems, where
resources are traded and hoarded to gain social advantage.

Conclusion

The trading behavior of bread among urban mallards reveals a complex
avian economy, where bread acts as a valuable currency. This
quackonomics not only impacts social dynamics but also provides
insights into the adaptability and intelligence of mallards. Future
research should explore the long-term effects of bread trading on
mallard health and social structures.

References

Quackers, B. E., & Featherly, J. P. (2021). Urban ducks and human
food: A symbiotic relationship. Journal of Urban Ecology, 8(4),
200-215.
Paddleson, W., & Ducksworth, Q. (2020). The economics of quacking:
Social hierarchies in mallard communities. Ornithological
Economics, 12(1), 45-62.

Disclosure

This study was supported by the Bread for Ducks Initiative. The
authors declare no conflicts of interest.